Mar 13, 2010

Magic Banking

Based on an idea as presented in a joshing blog by Henry Blodge, CEO of The Business Insider, here's the slightly changed formula for making thousands of investors happy, becoming a millionaire within months while having a successful career as well.

Become a banker!
All it takes, is to start a new bank. Don't worry, it's simple as will be shown.

This is how it works:
  1. Form a cooperative bank called: Cooperative Magic Bank (CMB).
    A cooperative bank is a financial entity which belongs to its members, who are at the same time the owners (shareholders) and the customers of their bank.
  2. Appoint yourself CFO together with two of your best friends as Board members. Set your yearly Board Bonus at a modest 10% of CMB's profits.
  3. Make a business plan (this blog IS the business plan)
  4. Raise $ 100 million of equity and $ 900 million of deposits, as follows
    • Offer your prospects/clients a guaranteed 4.57% guaranteed return on investment.
    • Offer a 70% yearly profit share. First year return on investment guaranteed 13,35% !
    • Everybody who wants to join the bank becomes a 'Lucky-Customer-Owner' (LCO)
    • Every LCO is obliged to invest 10% of his investment as shareholder capital.
    • The other 90% is invested in the CMB-Investment Fund (CMBIF).
    • CBMIF guarantees the return (and value) on the LCO's account based on a 30 year Treasury Bond
  5. Borrow $3 billion from the Fed at an annual cost (Federal Discount Rate) of x=0.75%.
  6. Buy $4 billion of 30-year Treasury Bonds paying y=4.57%
  7. Ready! Sit back and enjoy high client satisfaction and your Risk Free career and bonuses as a professional banker!

Magic Banking
Wrapped up in a 'Opening Balance Sheet and a first year ''Income Statement', this is how it looks like:


This is how the FED helps you to become a millionaire. but the party is not yet over.....

Pension Funds and Insurance Companies
If your the owner of a pension fund or an insurance company, starting a 'Magic Bank' could help you achieve a total 'risk free' return of 4,57% with an upward potential of 13,35% as well.

So why should you set up a complex investment model that you don't really see through, to achieve a risky 6% or 8% of return on investment, if you can have more than a 'high school comprehensible' 10% return without any substantial downside risk by starting a Magic Bank instead?

Together with the new Basel and Solvency regulation, this 'magic bank principle' will cause banks to sell their investments in more risky assets like insurance companies. On the other hand, insurance companies and pension funds will probably be interested in starting new banks to profit from the FED's 'free credit lunch'.

Criticasters and Risk
Some criticasters will rightfully point out that the magic bank is not completely risk free. Indeed there are some risks (e.g. the treasury bond volatility), but they can be adequately (low cost) managed by means of stripping or derivatives (e.g. swaptions).

Of course there's also the risk that the Fed will raise the short rates (Federal Discount Rate).In this case, instead of using derivatives upfront, one might simply swap or (temporarily) pay off the FED loan. Yes, your return will temporarily shrink to a somewhat lower level. But who cares?

Moreover, keep in mind that as long as we're in this crisis, the Fed's short money will be cheap. Don't ask why, just profit! By the time the crisis is over and Federal discount rates are more in line again with treasury notes, simply change your strategy again.

And if - regrettably - the federal discount rate and the treasury bond rate rise at the same time, simply book a life time trip to a save sunny island to enjoy your 'early pension' of $ 11.1 million (ore more).

For those of you who still doubt and for all of you who like a humorous crash course in investment banking, just click on the next video by Bird & Fortune....




Let's get serious
Although for us actuaries it's clear that because of the Asset Liability Mismatch, the magical bank is a running gag, the principles and consequences of the situation as described above are bad for the economy.

Financial Health Management
Banks and financial institutions in general are discouraged to act in their primary role as risk transfer institutes by performing on bases of professional calculated risk.

Why would they take any additional (credit) risk if they can generate their revenues almost 'risk free' with help of the Fed?

We all know that without risk, there's no economic added value either. Continuing this Fed policy will lead to Bob hopes:

A bank is a place that will lend you money, if you can prove that you don't need it.

Maintaining the current Fed policy keeps the banks alive, but ill.

What's needed is a new Federal Financial Health policy.

Over the last decades the relative equity (equity in % of assets) of Banks deteriorated from a 20% level to a 3-5% level in this last decade.

Banks need to be stimulated to take appropriate healthy risks again, while maintaining a sound individual calculated 'equity to assets ratio', increased with an all over (additional) 5% risk margin.

The Fed should therefore act decisively and:
  • stop the ridicule and seducing leverage risk levels
    Redefine the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR). The new Basel III leverage, calculated as 'total adjusted assets divided by Tier 1 capital', won't do. Strip the nuances, limit 'adjusting', add a surplus.
  • Limit and make all new financial products subject to (Fed) approval
  • Limit the proportion of participating in products that only spread risk (e.g. Citi's CLX) instead of neutralizing or matching risk
  • Raise the discount rate as fast as possible,

to prevent moral hazard and economical laziness that eventually undoubtedly ends in a global economic melt down.

However, there's one small problem..... The FED has to keep the discount rate low because otherwise financial institutions that run into trouble aren't able to finance their loss in a cheap way and will activate the nuclear systemic risk bomb (chain reaction).

It seems we're totally stuck in a governmental financial policy paradox. Nevertheless the FED should act now!

Links:
- Henry Blodge Video on Modern marketing...
- 30 year treasury bonds
- Historical Federal discount rates
- Can Basel III Work?
- The Economist: Base Camp Basel (2010)
- Citi's Financial Crisis Derivatives Should Be Banished From Earth
- Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR)
- Treasury yields

Mar 6, 2010

OTC Warning

In a 55 minute Pbs-video it becomes clear what kind of serious derivatives (OTC) problems we still have.

Warning!
Watching this video will dramatically change your view on risks and players in the financial system. If you want to protect yourself on the short term against the effects of what is going on in the skyscrapers of the financial markets: don't watch this video! Don't blame yourself, because it's not 'just funny' to become aware of risks you can't handle anyway....

However, if you are professionally active in investment risk or if you're a member of a (pension fund) Investment Committee, hiding is no option and this video is a good investment and a 'must see'......



Enjoy, shiver, learn.....

If you like big numbers, please look for 15 seconds at the size of the 'Over The Counter' (OTC) Market (Q2 2009):

$604,622,000,000,000
(are you still with me?)


There's a dutch proverb that states:

a warned person counts for two.....

Links:
- OTC derivatives statistics
- Financial crisis explained

Feb 27, 2010

Isle of Risk

Last decades, our perceptions of Financial Risk haven been constantly changing and - for sure - they will continue to do so in the future.

In the sixties and seventies of the 20th century 'risk' was mainly plain 'technical risk'. Risk Management was mainly used to support current strategies, as a defensive instrument.

More de-Tailed studies of risk in the nineties, created new instruments and models to manage (investment) risks. This led to the understanding that it was possible to take more risk because we could understand and manage it in a better way.

Next, at the beginning of the 21th century, these new risk models were expanded and transformed from passive to active instruments. New products and markets were developed by combining, cutting and mixing traditional asset products (stock, bonds, mortgages) with derivates. And just like in chemistry, where mixing innocent individual molecules could lead to an explosive new molecule, the asset markets got flooded with toxic, unknown risk-correlated products.

For most of us it became clear that it was not the risk ingredients (bonds, stocks, derivatives, etc) themselves that caused this turmoil, but our own (irresponsible) behavior, e.g. the way we ourselves were managing the asset products and models. Behavioral Finance was born.

After we poisoned the investment market landscape in the second half of this last decade, things turned for the worse. Instead of looking what we had done, where we were on the risk map and how we could clean up this mess, we kept on building debt and - except for sub prime mortgages - refused to restructure the market 0r to restrict the use of derivatives.
No restrictions nor ethical guidelines on making money just from money (who pays for making money of money?).

Instead, with the latest development High Frequency Trading (1,000 orders per second ! ), covering about 60% of all U.S. equity trading and nearly half of U.S. futures trading, we finally lost our site on what is ethical or not.
Main question is: Who has the guts and the power to stop this development?

Anyway, it's clear that our 'behavior' and a 'map of the risk landscape' are critical in understanding where we are heading with Risk......
Let's start with behavioral finance

Behavioral Finance
One of the world’s best experts in the field of behavioral finance is James Montier.
His book Behavioural Finance is a classical must-read.

In a 2002 classic report titled 'Part Man, Part Monkey', Montier gives a number of common mental investment pitfalls. Here's a sum up of those pitfalls that might apply to actuaries just as well:
  • You know less than you think you do
  • Be less certain in your views, aim for timid forecasts and bold choices
  • Don't get hung up on one technique, tool, approach or view - flexibility and pragmatism are the order of the day
  • Listen to those who don't agree with you
  • You didn't know it all along, you just think you did
  • Forget relative valuation, forget market price, work out what the stock is worth (use reverse DCFs)
  • Don't take information at face value, think carefully about how it was presented to you

Trinity of Risk

According to Montier the word 'Risk' is perhaps the most misunderstood concept in finance. In classical finance, risk is identified as the relative price volatility (beta). However that's not what risk really is about. 'Downside risk' (ie loss) is what really matters when it comes down to performance measurement. From an investment point of view, risk can be split up into three interrelated elements, the so called 'trinity of risk':
  • Business Risk (risk of business going broke)
  • Financial Risk (risk of using leverage)
  • Valuation risk (the margin of safety)

Valuation risk is the most tricky type of risk, as is explained in an excellent article 'The Biggest Mistakes in Valuation...' by Donald R. van Deventer from Kamakura Corporation. Here's the wrap up of the top 7 valuation mistakes in a humorous "daily life analogy"
  1. The Fake Rolex Watch Mistake
    Ask the investment bank which sold you a fake Rolex what the Watch is worth
  2. The Poker Game Mistake
    Ask someone else playing in the same game how you should bet
  3. The War of the Worlds Mistake
    Believe in a valuation technique Because everyone else thinks it's true
  4. The Cash Card Mistake
    Tell an investment banker exactly how your firm evaluates complex securities
  5. The Carton of Eggs Mistake
    Don't check to see if the eggs are broken, just look at the egg carton before buying
  6. The "My Brother-In-Law Told Me It Was a Good Investment" Mistake
    Bernie Madoff and the rating agencies
  7. The 2+2=5 Mistake
    Technical errors in valuation

Financial Crisis 2008-201x
Back to Montier, who's very clear about the role of Bernanke with regard to the role of the FD in the current
Montier believes Bernanke missed the boat, had poor ideas on how to recover and on top of this, failed to learn from his mistakes. Montier guesses: There are none so blind as those who will not see!

Happy Investor
For those of you who -after all this - don't succeed in becoming a happy investor, Montier has a simple advice on improving (plain) happiness. Here's the wrap up:
  • Don’t equate happiness with money.
  • Exercise regularly.
  • Devote time and effort to close relationships.
  • Pause for reflection, meditate on the good things in life.
  • Seek work that engages your skills, look to enjoy your job.
  • Give your body the sleep it needs.
  • Don’t pursue happiness for its own sake, enjoy the moment.
  • Take control of your life, set yourself achievable goals.

Map of Risk

Risk is an interesting and never ending subject of discussion and development. Drawing a map of Risk, literally helps you to oversee the Risk battlefield. Draw your own map of risk in life to remember where you are, where you've been and where you'll be heading.....

To help you get on the way, take a look at my Isle of Risk

(click the image for a larger image)

James Montier's Links
- Google Book Behavioural investing
- Was It All Just A Bad Dream? (febr. 2010)
- The Little Book of Behavioral Investing
- Applied behavioural Finance (pdf presentation)

Other links:
- High Frequency Trading Is A Scam
- High Frequency Trading Youtube
- FT: Markets: Ghosts in the machine
- High Frequency Trading -- Results from Simulation